ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Scarce and non-homogeneous data are available on the prognostic value of clinic heart rate (HR) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: The present study evaluated in 389 patients hospitalized for COVID-19 the in-hospital prognostic value of resting HR, assessed over different time periods, i.e., at hospital admission, during initial 3 days and 7 days of hospitalization. RESULTS: Results show that assessment of this hemodynamic variable during hospitalization provides information on the clinical outcome of the patients, greater HR values being associated with a worse inhospital prognosis. The prognostic value of elevated HR during COVID-19: 1) was independent on other confounders such as age, gender, comorbidities and fever, 2) appeared to be strengthened by repeated measurements of HR during the initial 3/7 days of hospitalization, and 3) was detectable in patients in which the therapeutic intervention did not include drugs, such as beta-blockers, calcium antagonists, digoxin, ivabradine and antiarrhythmic compounds known to interfere with HR. CONCLUSIONS: Heart rate may represent an important marker of a patient's outcome in COVID-19.